Cover
Copyright
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
1. Concepts of Circuit Theory
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Electricity
1.3 Modern Electron Theory
1.4 Nature of Electricity
1.5 Charged Body
1.6 Unit of Charge
1.7 Free Electrons
1.8 Electric Potential
1.9 Potential Difference
1.10 Electric Current
1.10.1 Conventional Direction of Flow of Current
1.11 Resistance
1.11.1 Laws of Resistance
1.12 Resistivity
1.13 Specific Resistance
1.14 Conductance
1.14.1 Conductivity
1.15 Electromotive Force
1.16 Emf and Potential Difference
1.17 Ohm’s Law
1.17.1 Limitations of Ohm’s Law
1.18 Effect of Temperature on Resistance
1.19 Temperature Co-Efficient of Resistance
1.20 Temperature Co-Efficient of Copper at 0°C
1.21 Effect of Temperature on α
1.22 Effect of Temperature on Resistivity
1.23 Electrical Energy
1.24 Electrical Power
1.25 Mechanical Work
1.26 Mechanical Power
1.27 Heat Energy
1.28 Joules Law of Electrical Heating
1.29 Relation between Various Quantities
1.29.1 Relation between Horse Power and kW
1.29.2 Relation between Horse Power and Torque
1.29.3 Relation between kWh and kcal
1.30 D.C. Circuits
1.31 Series Circuits
1.32 Parallel Circuits
1.33 Series–Parallel Circuits
1.34 Division of Current in Parallel Circuits
1.34.1 When Two Resistors are Connected in Parallel
1.34.2 When Three Resistors are Connected in Parallel
2. DC Circuit Analysis and Network Theorems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electric Network
2.2.1 Active Elements
2.2.2 Passive Elements
2.2.3 Network Terminology
2.3 Voltage and Current Sources
2.3.1 Internal Resistance of a Source
2.3.2 Ideal Voltage Source
2.3.3 Real Voltage Source
2.3.4 Current Source
2.3.5 Ideal Current Source
2.3.6 Real Current Source
2.3.7 Difference between Voltage Source and Current Source
2.4 Source Transformation (Conversion of Voltage Source to Current Source and Vice Versa)
2.5 Kichhoff’s Laws
2.5.1 Kirchhoff’s First Law
2.5.2 Kirchhoff’s Second Law
2.5.3 Solution of Network by Kirchhoff’s Laws
2.6 Wheatstone Bridge
2.7 Maxwell’s Mesh Current Method (Loop Analysis)
2.8 Nodal Analysis
2.9 Delta–Star and Star–Delta Transformation
2.9.1 Delta–Star Transformation
2.9.2 Star–Delta Transformation
2.10 Superposition Theorem
2.11 Thevenin’s Theorem
2.12 Norton’s Theorem
2.13 Conversion of Thevenin’s Equivalent into Norton’s Equivalent and Vice Versa
2.14 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
2.15 Reciprocity Theorem
3. Electrostatics and Capacitors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Coulomb’s Laws of Electrostatics
3.2.1 Unit Charge
3.3 Absolute and Relative Permittivity
3.4 Electric Field
3.4.1 Electric Lines of Force
3.5 Electric Flux
3.6 Electric Flux Density (D)
3.7 Electric Intensity or Field Strength (E)
3.8 Relation between σ and E
3.9 Area Vector
3.10 Electric Flux through an Area
3.11 Different Ways of Charge Distribution
3.11.1 Linear Charge Distribution
3.11.2 Surface Charge Distribution
3.11.3 Volume Charge Distribution
3.12 Gauss Theorem of Electrostatics
3.12.1 Proof of Gauss Theorem
3.13 Deduction of Coulomb’s Law from Gauss’s Law
3.14 Electric Intensity due to a Charged Sphere
3.14.1 Point P Is Outside the Sphere
3.14.2 Point P Is Inside the Sphere
3.15 Electric Intensity due to a Long Charged Conductor
3.16 Electric Potential
3.16.1 Potential at a Point
3.16.2 Potential at a Point due to Number of Charges
3.17 Electric Potential Difference
3.18 Potential due to Charged Sphere
3.18.1 Potential at the Sphere Surface
3.18.2 Potential Inside the Sphere
3.18.3 Potential Outside the Sphere
3.19 Potential Gradient
3.20 Breakdown Potential or Dielectric Strength
3.21 Capacitor
3.21.1 Types of Capacitors
3.21.2 Capacitor Action
3.22 Capacitance
3.22.1 Dielectric Constant or Relative Permittivity
3.22.2 Capacitance of Parallel-Plate Capacitor
3.22.3 Factors Affecting Capacitance
3.22.4 Dielectric and Its Effect on Capacitance
3.23 Parallel-Plate Capacitor with Composite Medium
3.23.1 Medium Partly Air
3.23.2 Slab of Dielectric Is Introduced
3.24 Multi-Plate Capacitors
3.25 Grouping of Capacitors
3.25.1 Capacitors in Series
3.25.2 Capacitors in Parallel
3.25.3 Capacitors in Series–Parallel
3.26 Energy Stored in a Capacitor
4. Batteries
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Electric Cell
4.2.1 Forming of a Cell
4.2.2 EMF Developed in a Cell
4.3 Types of Cells
4.4 Important Terms Relating to an Electric Cell
4.5 Grouping of Cells
4.5.1 Series Grouping
4.5.2 Parallel Grouping
4.5.3 Series–Parallel Grouping
4.6 Battery
4.6.1 Lead–Acid Battery
4.6.2 Working Principle of Lead–Acid Cell
4.7 Capacity of a Battery
4.8 Efficiency of a Battery
4.9 Charge Indications of a Lead–Acid Battery or Cell
4.10 Charging of Lead–Acid Battery
4.11 Care and Maintenance of Lead–Acid Batteries
4.12 Applications of Lead–Acid Batteries
4.13 Nickel–Iron Alkaline Cell
4.13.1 Construction
4.13.2 Working
4.13.3 Discharging
4.13.4 Recharging
4.13.5 Electrical Characteristics
4.13.6 Advantages
4.13.7 Disadvantages
4.14 Comparison between Lead–Acid and Nickel–Iron Alkaline Cell
4.15 Nickel–Cadmium Cell
4.15.1 Construction
4.15.2 Chemical Action during Discharging
4.15.3 Chemical Action during Recharging
4.15.4 Electrical Characteristics
4.15.5 Advantages
4.15.6 Disadvantages
4.16 Small Nickel–Cadmium Cells
4.16.1 Silver Button Cell
4.17 Solar Cells
4.17.1 Applications
5. Magnetic Circuits
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Magnetic Field and its Significance
5.3 Magnetic Circuit and its Analysis
5.4 Important Terms
5.5 Comparison between Magnetic and Electric Circuits
5.6 Ampere Turns Calculations
5.7 Series Magnetic Circuits
5.8 Parallel Magnetic Circuits
5.9 Leakage Flux
5.9.1 Fringing
5.10 Magnetisation or B–H Curve
5.11 Magnetic Hysteresis
5.11.1 Residual Magnetism and Retentivity
5.11.2 Coercive Force
5.12 Hysteresis Loss
5.13 Importance of Hysteresis Loop
5.14 Electromagnetic Induction
5.15 Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
5.15.1 First Law
5.15.2 Second Law
5.16 Direction of Induced Emf
5.17 Induced Emf
5.18 Dynamically Induced Emf
5.18.1 Mathematical Expression
5.19 Statically Induced Emf
5.19.1 Self-Induced Emf
5.19.2 Mutually Induced Emf
5.20 Self-Inductance
5.20.1 Expressions for Self-Inductance
5.21 Mutual Inductance
5.21.1 Expression for Mutual Inductance
5.22 Co-Efficient of Coupling
5.22.1 Mathematical Expression
5.23 Inductances in Series and Parallel
5.23.1 Inductances in Series
5.23.2 Inductances in Parallel
5.24 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
5.25 AC Excitation in Magnetic Circuits
5.26 Eddy Current Loss
5.26.1 Useful Applications of Eddy Currents
5.26.2 Mathematical Expression for Eddy Current Loss
6. AC Fundamentals
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Alternating Voltage and Current
6.2.1 Wave Form
6.3 Difference between AC and DC
6.4 Sinusoidal Alternating Quantity
6.5 Generation of Alternating Voltage and Current
6.6 Equation of Alternating Emf and Current
6.7 Important Terms
6.8 Important Relations
6.9 Different forms of Alternating Voltage Equation
6.10 Values of Alternating Voltage and Current
6.11 Peak Value
6.12 Average Value
6.13 Average Value of Sinusoidal Current
6.14 Effective or RMs Value
6.15 RMs Value of Sinusoidal Current
6.16 Form Factor and Peak Factor
6.17 Phasor Representation of Sinusoidal Quantity
6.18 Phase and Phase Difference
6.19 Addition and Subtraction of Alternating Quantities
6.19.1 Addition of Alternating Quantities
6.19.2 Subtraction of Alternating Quantities
6.20 Phasor Diagrams using RMs Values
7. Single-Phase AC Circuits
7.1 Introduction
7.2 AC Circuit Containing Resistance Only
7.2.1 Phase Angle
7.2.2 Power
7.2.3 Power Curve
7.3 AC Circuit Containing Pure Inductance Only
7.3.1 Phase Angle
7.3.2 Power
7.3.3 Power Curve
7.4 AC Circuit Containing Pure Capacitor Only
7.4.1 Phase Angle
7.4.2 Power
7.4.3 Power Curve
7.5 AC Series Circuits
7.6 R–L Series Circuit
7.6.1 Phase Angle
7.6.2 Power
7.6.3 Power Curve
7.7 Impedance Triangle
7.8 True Power and Reactive Power
7.8.1 Active Component of Current
7.8.2 Reactive Component of Current
7.8.3 Power Triangle
7.9 Power Factor and its Importance
7.9.1 Importance of Power Factor
7.10 Q-Factor of a Coil
7.11 R–C Series Circuit
7.11.1 Phase Angle
7.11.2 Power
7.11.3 Power Curve
7.11.4 Impedance Triangle
7.12 R–L–C Series Circuit
7.12.1 Phase Angle
7.12.2 Power
7.12.3 Impedance Triangle
7.13 Series Resonance
7.13.1 Resonant Frequency
7.13.2 Effects of Series Resonance
7.14 Resonance Curve
7.14.1 Bandwidth
7.14.2 Selectivity
7.15 Q-Factor of Series Resonant Circuit
7.16 AC Parallel Circuits
7.17 Methods of Solving Parallel AC Circuits
7.18 Phasor (or Vector) Method
7.19 Admittance Method
7.19.1 Admittance
7.19.2 Admittance Triangle
7.19.3 Conductance
7.19.4 Susceptance
7.19.5 Solution of Parallel AC Circuits by Admittance Method
7.20 Method of Phasor Algebra or Symbolic Method or J-Method
7.21 j-Notation of Phasor on Rectangular Co-Ordinate Axes
7.21.1 Mathematical Representation of Phasors
7.22 Addition and Subtraction of Phasor Quantities
7.22.1 Addition
7.22.2 Subtraction
7.23 Multiplication and Division of Phasors
7.23.1 Multiplication
7.23.2 Division
7.24 Conjugate of a Complex Number
7.24.1 Addition
7.24.2 Subtraction
7.24.3 Multiplication
7.25 Powers and Roots of Phasors
7.26 Solution of Series and Parallel AC Circuits by Phasor Algebra
7.27 Parallel Resonance
7.27.1 Resonant Frequency
7.27.2 Effect of Parallel Resonance
7.27.3 Resonance Curve
7.28 Q-Factor of a Parallel Resonant Circuit
7.29 Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits
8. Three-Phase AC Circuits
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Polyphase System
8.3 Advantages of Three-Phase System Over Single-Phase System
8.4 Generation of Three-Phase Emfs
8.4.1 Phasor Diagram
8.5 Naming the Phases
8.6 Phase Sequence
8.7 Double-Subscript Notation
8.8 Interconnection of Three Phases
8.9 Star or Wye (Y) Connection
8.9.1 Relation between Phase Voltage and Line Voltage
8.9.2 Relation between Phase Current and Line Current
8.10 Mesh or Delta (?) Connection
8.10.1 Relation between Phase Voltage and Line Voltage
8.10.2 Relation between Phase Current and Line Current
8.11 Connections of Three-Phase Loads
8.12 Power in Three-Phase Circuits
8.13 Power Measurement in Three-Phase Circuits
8.14 Three-Wattmeter Method
8.15 Two-Wattmeter Method
8.16 Two-Wattmeter Method (Balanced Load)
8.16.1 Determination of Power Factor from Wattmeter Readings
8.16.2 Determination of Reactive Power from Two Wattmeter Readings
8.17 Effect of Power Factor on the Two Wattmeter Readings
8.17.1 Power Factor Is Unity (cos ? = 1) or ? = 0°
8.17.2 Power Factor Is 0.5 (cos ? = 0.5) or ? = 60°
8.17.3 Power Factor Is More Than 0.5 But Less Than One (i.e., 1 > cos ? > 0.5) or 60° > ? > 0°
8.17.4 Power Factor is Less Than 0.5 But More Than 0 (i.e., 0.5 > cos ? > 0) or 90° > ? > 60°
8.17.5 Power Factor Is 0 (cos ? = 0) or ? = 90°
9. Measuring Instruments
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Concept of Measurements
9.3 Instruments and their Classification
9.3.1 Electrical Instruments
9.4 Methods of Providing Controlling Torque
9.4.1 Spring Control
9.4.2 Gravity Control
9.5 Methods of Providing Damping Torque
9.5.1 Air Friction Damping
9.5.2 Fluid Friction Damping
9.5.3 Eddy Current Damping
9.6 Measuring Errors
9.6.1 Relative Error
9.7 Errors Common to all Types of Instruments
9.8 Moving Iron Instruments
9.8.1 Attraction-type Moving Iron Instruments
9.8.2 Repulsion-type Moving Iron Instruments
9.8.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Moving Iron Instruments
9.8.4 Errors in Moving Iron Instruments
9.8.5 Applications of Moving Iron Instruments
9.9 Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instruments
9.9.1 Principle
9.9.2 Construction
9.9.3 Working
9.9.4 Deflecting Torque
9.9.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instruments
9.9.6 Errors in Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instruments
9.9.7 Range
9.10 Difference between Ammeter and Voltmeter
9.11 Extension of Range of Ammeters and Voltmeters
9.11.1 Extension of Ammeter Range
9.11.2 Extension of Voltmeter Range
9.12 Dynamometer-type Instruments
9.12.1 Dynamometer-type Wattmeters
9.13 Induction-type Instruments
9.13.1 Induction-type Wattmeter
9.13.2 Comparison between Dynamometer and Induction-type Wattmeters
9.13.3 Induction-type Single-Phase Energy Meter
9.14 Name Plate of Energy Meter
9.15 Connections of Single-Phase Energy Meter to Supply Power to a Domestic Consumer
9.16 Difference between Wattmeter and Energy Meter
9.17 Digital Multimeter
10. Single-Phase Transformers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Transformer
10.2.1 Necessity
10.2.2 Applications
10.3 Working Principle of a Transformer
10.4 Construction of a Single-Phase Small Rating Transformer
10.4.1 Core-type Transformers
10.4.2 Shell-type Transformers
10.4.3 Berry-type Transformers
10.5 An Ideal Transformer
10.5.1 Behaviour and Phasor Diagram
10.6 Transformer on DC
10.7 Emf Equation
10.8 Transformer on No-Load
10.9 Transformer on Load
10.10 Phasor Diagram of a Loaded Transformer
10.11 Transformer with Winding Resistance
10.12 Mutual and Leakage Fluxes
10.13 Equivalent Reactance
10.14 Actual Transformer
10.15 Simplified Equivalent Circuit
10.15.1 Equivalent Circuit When All the Quantities Are Referred to Secondary
10.15.2 Equivalent Circuit When All the Quantities Are Referred to Primary
10.16 Expression for No-Load Secondary Voltage
10.16.1 Approximate Expression
10.16.2 Exact Expression
10.17 Voltage Regulation
10.18 Approximate Expression for Voltage Regulation
10.19 Losses in a Transformer
10.20 Efficiency of a Transformer
10.21 Condition for Maximum Efficiency
10.22 All-Day Efficiency
10.23 Transformer Tests
10.23.1 Open-Circuit or No-Load Test
10.23.2 Short Circuit Test
10.24 Autotransformers
10.24.1 Construction
10.24.2 Working
10.25 Autotransformer v/s Potential Divider
10.26 Saving of Copper in an Autotransformer
10.27 Advantages of Autotransformer Over Two-Winding Transformer
10.28 Disadvantages of Autotransformers
10.29 Applications of Autotransformers
10.30 Classification of Transformers
10.31 Power Transformer and its Auxiliaries
11. DC Machines (Generators and Motors)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electromechanical Energy Conversion Devices (Motors and Generators)
11.3 Electric Generator and Motor
11.3.1 Generator
11.3.2 Motor
11.4 Main Constructional Features
11.5 Armature Resistance
11.6 Simple Loop Generator and Function of Commutator
11.6.1 Commutator Action
11.7 Emf Equation
11.8 Types of DC Generators
11.9 Separately Excited DC Generators
11.10 Self-Excited DC Generators
11.10.1 Cumulative and Differential Compound-Wound Generators
11.11 Voltage Build-Up in Shunt Generators
11.12 Critical Field Resistance of a DC Shunt Generator
11.13 Causes of Failure to Build-Up Voltage in a Generator
11.13.1 Rectification
11.14 DC Motor
11.15 Working Principle of DC Motors
11.15.1 Function of a Commutator
11.16 Back Emf
11.16.1 Significance of Back Emf
11.17 Torque Equation
11.18 Shaft Torque
11.18.1 Brake Horse Power
11.19 Comparison of Generator and Motor Action
11.20 Types of DC Motors
11.20.1 Separately Excited DC Motors
11.20.2 Self-excited DC Motors
11.21 Characteristics of DC Motors
11.22 Characteristics of Shunt Motors
11.23 Characteristics of Series Motors
11.24 Characteristics of Compound Motors
11.25 Applications and Selection of DC Motors
11.26 Necessity of Starter for a DC Motor
11.27 Starters for DC Shunt and Compound-Wound Motors
11.28 Three-Point Shunt Motor Starter
11.28.1 Operation
11.28.2 No-Volt Release Coil and Its Function
11.28.3 Overload Release Coil and Its Function
11.29 Losses in a DC Machine
11.29.1 Copper Losses
11.29.2 Iron Losses
11.29.3 Mechanical Losses
11.30 Constant and Variable Losses
11.31 Stray Losses
11.32 Power Flow Diagram
11.33 Efficiency of a DC Machine
11.33.1 Machine Working as a Generator
11.33.2 Machine Working as a Motor
12. Three-Phase Induction Motors
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Constructional Features of a Three-Phase Induction Motor
12.3 Production of Revolving Field
12.4 Principle of Operation
12.4.1 Alternate Explanation
12.5 Reversal of Direction of Rotation of Three-Phase Induction Motors
12.6 Slip
12.6.1 Importance of Slip
12.7 Frequency of Rotor Currents
12.8 Speed of Rotor Field or mmf
12.9 Rotor Emf
12.10 Rotor Resistance
12.11 Rotor Reactance
12.12 Rotor Impedance
12.13 Rotor Current and Power Factor
12.14 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of Rotor
12.15 Stator Parameters
12.16 Induction Motor on No-Load (Rotor Circuit Open)
12.17 Induction Motor on Load
12.17.1 Causes of Low-Power Factor
12.18 Losses in an Induction Motor
12.19 Power Flow Diagram
12.20 Relation between Rotor Copper Loss, Slip, and Rotor Input
12.21 Rotor Efficiency
12.22 Torque Developed by an Induction Motor
12.23 Condition for Maximum Torque and Equation for Maximum Torque
12.24 Starting Torque
12.25 Ratio of Starting to Maximum Torque
12.26 Ratio of Full-Load Torque to Maximum Torque
12.27 Effect of Change in Supply Voltage on Torque
12.28 Torque–Slip Curve
12.29 Torque–Speed Curve and Operating Region
12.30 Effect of Rotor Resistance on Torque-Slip Curve
12.31 Comparison of Squirrel-Cage and Phase-Wound Induction Motors
12.32 Necessity of a Starter
12.33 Starting Methods of Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors
12.33.1 Direct on Line (DOL) Starter
12.33.2 Star–Delta Starter
12.33.3 Autotransformer Starter
12.34 Starting Method of Slip-Ring Induction Motors
12.35 Applications of Three-Phase Induction Motors
12.36 Comparison between Induction Motor and Synchronous Motor
12.37 Speed Control of Induction Motors
12.37.1 Speed Control by Changing the Slip
12.37.2 Speed Control by Changing the Supply Frequency
12.37.3 Speed Control by Changing the Poles
13. Single-Phase Induction Motors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nature of Field Produced in Single-Phase Induction Motors
13.3 Torque Produced by Single-Phase Induction Motor
13.4 Types of Motors
13.5 Split-Phase Motors
13.5.1 Construction
13.5.2 Performance and Characteristics
13.5.3 Applications
13.5.4 Reversal of Direction of Rotation
13.6 Capacitor Motors
13.6.1 Capacitor Start Motors
13.6.2 Capacitor Run Motors (Fan Motors)
13.6.3 Capacitor Start and Capacitor Run Motors
13.7 Shaded Pole Motor
13.7.1 Construction
13.7.2 Principle
13.7.3 Performance and Characteristics
13.8 Reluctance Start Motor
13.9 AC Series Motor or Commutator Motor
13.9.1 Performance and Characteristics
13.10 Universal Motor
13.10.1 Construction
13.10.2 Principle
13.10.3 Working
13.10.4 Applications
13.11 Speed Control of Single-Phase Induction Motors (Fan Regulator)
14. Three-Phase Synchronous Machines
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Synchronous Machine
14.3 Basic Principles
14.4 Generator and Motor Action
14.5 Production of Sinusoidal Alternating Emf
14.6 Relation between Frequency Speed and Number of Poles
14.7 Constructional Features of Synchronous Machines
14.8 Advantages of Rotating Field System Over Stationary Field System
14.9 Three-Phase Synchronous Machines
14.10 Emf Equation
14.11 Working Principle of a Three-Phase Synchronous Motor
14.12 Synchronous Motor on Load
14.13 Effect of Change in Excitation
14.14 V-Curves
14.15 Application of Synchronous Motor as a Synchronous Condenser
14.16 Characteristics of Synchronous Motor
14.17 Methods of Starting of Synchronous Motors
14.18 Hunting
14.19 Applications of Synchronous Motors
Index
15. Sources of Electrical Power
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Classification of Sources of Energy
15.3 Introduction to Wind Energy
15.4 Introduction to Solar Energy
15.5 Introduction to Fuel Cell
15.6 Introduction to Hydroelectricity
15.7 Introduction to Tidal Power
15.8 Introduction to Geothermal Energy
15.9 Introduction to Thermal- (Steam, Diesel, and Gas Energy) Electric Power Stations
15.10 Introduction to Nuclear Power Plant
15.11 Concept of Cogeneration
15.12 Concept of Distributed Generation
16. Introduction to Power System
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Layout of Power System
16.3 Generation of Electrical Energy
16.4 Major Generating Stations
16.5 Hydroelectric Power Stations
16.6 Thermal Power Stations
16.7 Diesel Power Stations
16.8 Nuclear Power Stations
16.9 Transmission of Electrical Power or Energy
16.10 Distribution System
16.11 Substations
16.12 Interconnected System of Power Stations (Grid Station)
17. Introduction to Earthing and Electrical Safety
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Electric Shock
17.3 Electric Shock Treatment
17.4 Methods of Artificial Respiration
17.5 Precautions Against Electric Shock
17.6 Electric Safety Measures
17.7 Earthing
17.8 Size of Earth Wire
17.9 Double Earthing
17.10 Causes of Electric Fire
17.11 Prevention of Electric Fire
17.12 Fuse
17.13 Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
17.14 Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
18. Domestic Wiring & Illumination
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Types of Cables
18.3 Types of Wiring Systems
18.4 Important Lighting Accessories
18.5 Important Circuits
18.6 Illumination
18.7 Laws of Illumination
18.8 Illumination at a Point on the Plane Surface due to Light Source Suspended at a Height (H)
18.9 Electrical Methods of Producing Light
18.10 Sources of Light
18.11 Incandescent or Filament Lamps
18.12 Gaseous Discharge Lamps
18.13 Sodium Vapour Lamps
18.14 High-Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps (M.A. Type)
18.15 Fluorescent Tubes
18.16 Comparison between Tungsten Filament Lamps and Fluorescent Tubes
18.17 Compact Fluorescent Lamps
18.18 Lighting Schemes
18.19 Design of Indoor Lighting Schemes
18.20 Methods of Lighting Calculations
